Lesson Note For JSS1 Basic Science (Third Term)

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Basic Science Scheme of Work for JSS1 Third Term

Week 1: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION(I)

Week2: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (II)

Week 3: FORCES

Week 4: CALCULATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Week 5: SPACE TRAVEL

Week 6: GRAVITATION AND WEIGHTLESSNESS

Week 7 – 8: EARTH IN SPACE

Week 9: SATELLITES

Week 10: REVISION

REFERENCE

Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1

Lesson Note on Basic Science for JSS1 Third Term

Week 1 Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION(I)

Lesson Note on ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION(I)

Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. “Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment” which can come “in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light”.

 

Types of pollution

• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Soil Pollution

 

WATER POLLUTION

“Water Pollution” is the type of pollution that involves the contamination of various water bodies. Various aquatic creatures depend on these water bodies and its natural nutritious features to support its life. Water pollutants include insecticides and herbicides, food processing waste, pollutants from livestock operations, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, chemical waste and others.

 

EVALUATION

1. What is pollution?
2. Mention three types of pollution.

 

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

Industrial waste gets dumped into these water bodies. This causes a chemical imbalance in the water leading to death of the aquatic beings.

 

Insecticides, pesticides and ripening chemicals that are used on plants run into the ground water system or nearby streams.

 

Washing clothes near lakes and rivers causes detergents also causes a condition called “Eutrophication” which blocks sunlight from entering inside and reduces oxygen values in the water causing an inhabitable environment.

 

‘Oil Spills’ are caused when giant oil tankers and oil rigs which are present in the oceans are damaged by either natural or human errors cause a long-time damage to the ocean as oil is lighter than water and floats on water forming a layer blocking sunlight.

Certain natural disasters like flash floods and hurricanes cause the intermixing of water with harmful substances on the land.

 

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

People can take certain preventable measures to stop water pollution like being more cautious of dumping contaminants onto the water. For the repair of the damage that has already been done, water treatment plants are being constructed with innovative techniques to clean the polluted water. But as always a certain part of the damage can be resolved therefore, it is better to prevent water pollution as water is basic need for the survival of man.

 

EVALUATION

1. State three causes of water pollution.
2. How can water pollution be controlled?

 

AIR POLLUTION

The contamination of the air present in the atmosphere is known as “Air pollution”. Respiration is an important life process of all living things. We breathe in the air present in the atmosphere. Therefore if the air around us is contaminated with poisonous gases, it would have a fatal effect on us. Some of the most notable air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and airborne particles.

 

CONSTITUENTS OF AIR

The air naturally comprises of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, 0.9% of oxide gases and 0.1% of inert gases. When this balance is disturbed, it causes disruptions of severe proportions

 

WHAT CAUSES AIR POLLUTION?

• Partially combusted exhaust gases released from internal combustion engines add poisonous gases into the atmosphere.
• Certain industries release some gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide which mix with the air and clouds and cause acid rains.
• Burning of discarded plastic, wood and rubber also release carcinogenic gases into the atmosphere.

 

CONTROL MEASURE

Air pollution is very much fatal to living things as almost all living beings respire directly from the atmosphere without undergoing any treatment like water. Hence use of catalytic converters in vehicles, preventing the burning of used products, leaving vehicles running for lengthy periods of time during halts and such environment friendly actions.

 

EVALUATION

1. Define air pollution.
2. Mention four causes of air pollution.

 

SOIL POLLUTION

Stripping soil of its natural fertility by using artificial chemicals like pesticides, insecticides, ripening agents etc. is known as “Soil Pollution”. Plants depend on the nitrogenous compounds present in the soil for their nutrition. Use of insecticides, pesticides and other artificial chemicals absorbs the nitrogen from the soil making it unfit for the growth for plants. Plants are responsible for holding the soil together firmly so, when the plants can’t grow the soil splits, leading to soil erosion. Some soil pollutants are: hydrocarbons, solvents and heavy metals.

 

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Define air pollution.
2. Mention four causes of air pollution.
3. State three causes of water pollution.
4. How can water pollution be controlled.
5. Mention the types of pollution.

 

READING ASSIGNMENT

Precious seed BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1 PAGE 41-57.

 

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Stripping soil of its natural fertility by using artificial chemicals like pesticides, insecticides, ripening agents etc. is known as A. Soil Pollution B. land pollution
2. thermal pollution D. water pollution.
3. Plants are responsible for holding the soil together firmly so, when the plants can’t grow the soil splits, leading to ____ A. soil erosion B. sedimentation C. soil split
4. none.
5. VOCs means ____ A. volatile organic compounds B. voice of country C. voicing of centralized D. none.
6. Washing clothes near lakes and rivers causes detergents and also causes a condition called Eutrophication B. hydrocarbons C. disruptions of severe proportions D. Oil Spills.
7. ____ occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. A. Pollution B. pollutants
8. farts D. osmosis.

 

THEORY

1. State three causes of water pollution.
2. List five types of pollutants.

Related Lesson Notes:

Lesson Note For JSS1 Basic Science (First Term)

Lesson Note For JSS1 Basic Science (Second Term)

Week 2 Topic: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (II)

Lesson Note on ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (II)

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

1. Environment Degradation: Environment is the first casualty for increase in pollution weather in air or water. The increase in the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere leads to smog which can restrict sunlight from reaching the earth. Thus, preventing plants in the process of photosynthesis. Gases like Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of Oil spill may lead to death of several wildlife species.

 

1. Human Health: The decrease in quality of air leads to several respiratory problems including asthma or lung cancer. Chest pain, congestion, throat inflammation, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease are some of diseases  that can be causes by air pollution. Water pollution occurs due to contamination of water and may pose skin related problems including skin irritations and rashes. Similarly, Noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

 

1. Global Warming:  The emission of greenhouse gases particularly CO2 is leading to global warming. Every other day new industries are being set up, new vehicles come on roads and trees are cut to make way for new homes. All of them, in direct or indirect way lead to increase in CO2 in the environment. The increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar ice caps which increases the sea level and pose danger for the people living near coastal areas.

 

1. Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is the thin shield high up in the sky that stops ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activities, chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were released into  the atmosphere which contributed to the depletion of ozone layer.

 

1. Infertile Land: Due to constant use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil may become infertile. Plants may not be able to grow properly. Various forms of chemicals produced from industrial waste is released into the flowing water which also affects the quality of soil.

 

Pollution not only affect humans by destroying their respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological systems; it also affects the nature, plants, fruits, vegetables, rivers, ponds, forests, animals, etc, on which they are highly dependent for survival. It is crucial to control pollution as the nature, wildlife and human life are precious gifts to the mankind.

 

EVALUATION

1. State five effect of pollution.
2. What are the effect of pollution on humans?

 

OTHER EFFECTS ARE:

1. Industries: Industries have been polluting our environment especially since the beginning of the industrial revolution, as mentioned above, notably due to the increasing use of fossil fuels. In the 19th century and for a significant part of the 20th century, coal has been use to make machines work faster, replacing human force. Though pollution by industries mainly causes air pollution, soil and water contamination can also occur. This is particularly the case for power-generating industries, such as plants producing electricity.

 

1. Transportation: Ever since men abandoned animal power to travel, pollution of the environment has become higher and higher. Its levels have only been increasing until now. Similarly to industries, pollution caused by transport can mainly be attributed to fossil fuels. Indeed, humans went from horse carriages to cars, trains (which, before electricity, used to be propelled by coal), and airplanes. As the traffic is increasing every day, pollution follows that evolution.
2. Agricultural Activities: Agriculture is mainly responsible for the contamination of water and soil. This is caused by the increased use of pesticides, as well as by the intensive character of its production. Almost all pesticides are made from chemical substances and are meant to keep diseases and threatening animals away from the crops. However, by keeping these forms of life away, harm is almost always made to the surrounding environment as well.

 

1. Trading Activities: Trading activities including the production and exchange of goods and services. Concerning goods, pollution can be caused by packaging (which often involves the use of plastic, which is made from fossil fuels) or transport, mainly.

 

1. Residences: Finally, residential areas provide their fair share of pollution as well. First, to be able to build homes, natural environment has to be destroyed in one way or another. Wildlife and plants are driven away and replaced by human constructions. As it requires the work of industries, construction itself is also a source of contamination of the environment. Then, when people settle in, they will produce waste every day, including a part that cannot be processed by the environment without harm yet.

 

1. Effects on Humans: The effects of environmental pollution on humans are mainly physical, but can also turn into neuro-affections in the long term. The best-known troubles to us are respiratory, in the form of allergies, asthma, irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, or other forms of respiratory infections. Notably, these well spread affections can be observed when air pollution is high in cities, when the weather gets hot, for instance. On top of that, environmental pollution has been proven to be a major factor in the development of cancer. This can happen for example when we eat reminiscences of pollutants used in the production of processed foods, or pesticides from the crops. Other, rarer, diseases include hepatitis, typhoid affections, diarrhea and hormonal disruptions.

 

1. Effects on Animals: Environmental pollution mainly affects animal by causing harm to their living environment, making it toxic for them to live in. Acid rains can change the composition of rivers and seas, making them toxic for fishes, an important quantity of ozone in the lower parts of the atmosphere can cause lung problems to all animals. Nitrogen and phosphates in water will cause overgrowth of toxic algae, preventing other forms of life to follow their normal course. Eventually, soil pollution will cause harm and sometimes even the destruction of microorganisms, which can have the dramatic effect of killing the first layers of the primary food chain.

 

1. Effects on Plants: As for animals, plants, and especially trees, can be destroyed by acid rains (and this will also have a negative effect on animals as well, as their natural environment will be modified), ozone in the lower atmosphere block the plant respiration, and harmful pollutants can be absorbed from the water or soil.

 

1. Effects on the Ecosystem: In short, environmental pollution, almost exclusively created by human activities, has a negative effect on the ecosystem, destroying crucial layers of it and causing an even more negative effect on the upper layers.

 

EVALUATION

1. Mention five other effects of pollution.
2. What is the effect of transportation on pollution?

 

 

POLLUTION CONTROL

Air pollution control

Methods of air pollution control can be divided into two categories: the control of particulate (pronounced par-TIK-you-let) emissions and the control of gaseous emissions. The term particulate refers to tiny particles of matter such as smoke, soot, and dust that are released during industrial, agricultural, or other activities. Gaseous emissions are industrial products such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also released during various manufacturing operations.

1. Particulate control. Methods for particulate control tend to operate on a common principle. The solid particles are separated from the gases in which they are contained by physical procedures such as passage through a settling chamber. A settling chamber is a long, wide pipe through which gases from a manufacturing process are allowed to flow. As these gases slow down in the pipe, the solid particles settle out. They can then be removed from the bottom of the pipe.

 

2. A cyclone collector is another device for removing particulates from stack gases. The gases are fed into a rotating cylindrical container. Equipment for the complete recovery and control of acid and oxide emissions.

 

3. Centrifugal forces (the forces that move things away from the center of rotation) send solid particles in the gas outward against the walls of the container. They collect there briefly, then fall to the bottom of the container. Gases from which the particles have been removed then escape from the top of the container.

 

4. Gaseous emissions. Many different methods are available for removing unwanted gases, most of which are acidic. Scrubbers are smokestack devices that contain a moist chemical such as lime, magnesium oxide, or sodium hydroxide. When gases escape from a factory and pass through a scrubber, they react with the moist chemical and are neutralized. From time to time, the scrubbers are removed from the smokestack, cleaned, and replaced.

 

5. Another method for controlling gaseous emissions is by adsorption. Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been ground into a very fine powder. In this form, charcoal has the ability to adsorb, or adhere to, other chemicals. When unwanted gases flow over activated charcoal on the inside of a smokestack, they are adsorbed on the charcoal. As with scrubbers, the charcoal is removed from time to time, and a new lining of charcoal is installed in the smokestack.

 

Water pollution

Methods of controlling water pollution fall into three general categories: physical, chemical, and biological. For example, one form of water pollution consists of suspended solids such as fine dirt and dead organisms. These materials can be removed from water by simply allowing the water to sit quietly for a period of time, thereby allowing the pollutants to settle out, or by passing the water through a filter. (The solid pollutants are then trapped in the filter.)

Chemical reactions can be used to remove pollutants from water. For example, the addition of alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) and lime (calcium hydroxide) to water results in the formation of a thick, sticky precipitate. When the precipitate begins to settle out, it traps and carries with it solid particles, dead bacteria, and other components of polluted water.

 

Solid pollutants

Solid pollutants consist of garbage, sewage sludge, paper, plastics, and many other forms of waste materials. One method of dealing with solid pollutants is simply to bury them in dumps or landfills. Another approach is to compost them, a process in which microorganisms turn certain types of pollutants into useful fertilizers. Finally, solid pollutants can also be incinerated (burned).

 

Taking on pollution: a global attempt

While artificial chemicals have improved the quality of life around the world, they have also posed a threat to the health of people and wildlife. In late 2000, in an effort to control the effect of toxic global pollutants, the United Nations Environment Program organized a meeting to draft a treaty to restrict the production and use of twelve persistent organic pollutants (POPs), especially those used as pesticides. The twelve toxic chemicals cited, which environmentalists have called the “dirty dozen,” include eight pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene), two types of industrial chemicals (hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs), and two types of industrial byproducts (dioxins and furans). These toxic pollutants were chosen not because they are the most dangerous, but because they are the most widely studied. Since it is still widely used in Africa to control malaria, DDT was given a special exemption: it can be used in those countries until replacement chemicals or strategies can be developed and put into place. One hundred and twenty-two nations (including the United States) agreed to the treaty. Before it can take effect, however, at least fifty of those nations must also ratify it.

 

EVALUATION

1. Mention five ways each for controlling pollution.
2. Explain Gaseous emissions as a means of controlling pollution.
3. Mention the examples of pollutants you know.

 

Possible future approach to cleaning up pollution

The cost of cleaning up tens of thousands of toxic sites on factory grounds, farms, and military installations is staggering. In the United States, that amount may soon exceed $700 billion. So far, the main approach has been to dig the polluting chemicals out of the ground and transport them to a landfill. However, after a decade of research, scientists in the early twenty-first century found that hundreds of species of plants, along with the fungi and bacteria that inhabit the ecosystem around their roots, seek out and often break down chemical molecules that can harm most other life. For example, there are sunflowers that capture uranium, ferns that thrive on arsenic, clovers that eat oil, and poplar trees that destroy dry-cleaning solvents. Research into using plants as pollution sponges must continue, but early reports of their helping to clean up pollution were promising.

 

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Mention five ways each for controlling pollution.
2. Explain Gaseous emissions as a means of controlling pollution.
3. Mention the examples of pollutants you know.
4. Mention five other effects of pollution.
5. What is the effect of transportation on pollution?

 

READING ASSIGNMENT

PRECIOUS SEED BASIC SCIENCE FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BOOK 1 Page 20-22.

 

WEEKEND ASSSIGNMENT

1. The increase in the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere leads to ___ which can restrict sunlight from reaching the earth. A. smog B. fog C. aerosol D. pollution.
2. The two types of industrial byproducts are ___ A. dioxins and furans B. methane and ethane C. toxins in dole D.  hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls.
3. One method of dealing with solid pollutants is simply to ___ them in dumps or

landfills. A. bury B. sagitate C. plant D. discard.

1. ___ reactions can be used to remove pollutants from water. A. Chemical B. Physical C. Frontal D. Plane.
2. Methods of air pollution control can be divided into __ categories. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5.

 

THEORY

1. Mention the examples of pollutants you know.
2. Mention five other effects of pollution.

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